On-Chip Battery EIS Analog Frontend  for Embedded Battery Management System

Byeongho Hwang; Yunchae Lee; Uikyoung Lee; Jihan Shin; Kyeongha Kwon

doi:10.23075/jicas.2025.11.4.001

Byeongho Hwang KAIST
Yunchae Lee KAIST
Uikyoung Lee KAIST
Jihan Shin KAIST
Kyeongha Kwon KAIST

DOI: https://doi.org/10.23075/jicas.2025.11.4.001

Keywords: Battery Management System (BMS), Electrical Vehicles (EVs), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Zero-Temperature-Coefficient (ZTC) Circuit, Analog Frontend (AFE)

Abstract

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is an emerging diagnostic technique for battery characterization. Conventional EIS systems utilize external instrumentation assemblies, limiting their practicality for real-time monitoring applications in electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage systems (ESS) that require timely impedance data acquisition for operational battery management decisions. This paper presents a novel integrated circuit conforming to AEC-Q100 Grade 1 specifications, operating reliably from -40°C to 125°C, with four measurement channels. The architecture incorporates an on-chip high-pass filter (HPF) for impedance measurement and a zero-temperature-coefficient (ZTC) power supply that maintains stability across the operational temperature range. This integration eliminates the need for external RC components at the HPF stage, thereby reducing system complexity and cost. Post-layout simulation results demonstrate measurement accuracy across various operating conditions. The presented solution enables real-time battery diagnostics and predictive maintenance capabilities, enhancing safety, reliability, and operational lifespan for next-generation embedded battery management systems.

Author Biographies

Byeongho Hwang, KAIST

Byeongho Hwang received the B.S. degree in 2022, and the M.S. degree in 2024. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea.

His research interests include power management circuits for battery management systems (BMS). Especially, he is currently conducting research on battery monitoring IC (BMIC) design and hardware design in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) system.

Yunchae Lee, KAIST

Yunchae Lee received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2023. He is currently pursuing a master’s degree in electrical engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea. His research interests include sensing circuits for battery management systems (BMS). Especially, he is currently conducting research on battery monitoring IC (BMIC) design and hardware design in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) system.

Uikyoung Lee, KAIST

Uikyoung Lee received the B.S degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea, in 2024. His research interests include battery management systems (BMS). He is currently conducting research on battery monitoring IC (BMIC) and hardware board development to accurately estimate battery state of charge (SOC) using AI.

Jihan Shin, KAIST

Jihan Shin received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2024, and is currently conducting his M.S. research at KAIST. His research interests include analog front-end circuits for battery management systems (BMS), especially battery monitoring IC (BMIC) design, and he is also working on designing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) systems to estimate the State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) of batteries.

Kyeongha Kwon, KAIST

Kyeongha Kwon received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea, in 2018. From 2018–2020, she was with the Center for Bio-integrated Electronics (CBIE) at Northwestern University, IL, USA, as a postdoctoral researcher. Since 2020, she has been with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, KAIST, where she is currently an associate professor. Her research interests span a wide range of topics in wireline communication, bioelectronics, and battery management system. She is an active Technical Program Committee (TPC) Member of IEEE ISSCC and IEEE CICC. She has served as the Country Representative of South Korea for the ISSCC Far-East Region in 2024.